Robert Thomas Wallingford, 18621917 (aged 55 years)

Name
Robert Thomas /Wallingford/
Given names
Robert Thomas
Surname
Wallingford
Nickname
Tom
Birth
Type: Birth of Wallingford, Robert Thomas
2 September 1862 34 32
Retreat, Grimes, Texas, United States of America
Latitude: 32.034044 Longitude: -96.474428
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
INDI:BIRT:ADDR:NOTE: @N1701@
Birth of a sister
15 February 1867 (aged 4 years)
Waller, Texas, United States of America
Latitude: 30.056608 Longitude: -95.926899
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Death of a brother
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Birth of a sister
Death of a mother
Death of a maternal grandmother
State: Kentucky
Country: United States of America
Death of a sister
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Marriage of a parent
15 March 1879 (aged 16 years)
Waller, Texas, United States of America
Latitude: 30.056608 Longitude: -95.926899
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Death of a maternal grandfather
State: Kentucky
Country: United States of America
Death of a sister
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Marriage of a parent
State: Kentucky
Country: United States of America
Birth of a half-brother
Birth of a half-brother
MARRIAGE OF WALLINGFORD, ROBERT THOMAS AND DEWEES, VIRGINIA BUTTS
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
FAM:MARR:ADDR:NOTE: @N1704@
Birth of a daughter
1889 (aged 26 years)
Death of a daughter
1889 (aged 26 years)
Birth of a half-sister
4 June 1890 (aged 27 years)
Fields Store, Waller, Texas, United States of America
Latitude: 30.16472 Longitude: -95.923197
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Birth of a son
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Birth of a son
Birth of a daughter
6 October 1894 (aged 32 years)
Waller, Texas, United States of America
Latitude: 30.056608 Longitude: -95.926899
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Birth of a son
12 November 1896 (aged 34 years)
Joseph, Waller, Texas, United States of America
Latitude: 30.182973 Longitude: -95.842323
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Birth of a son
Birth of a daughter
Death of a daughter
Birth of a daughter
Birth of a son
14 June 1905 (aged 42 years)
Waller, Texas, United States of America
Latitude: 30.056608 Longitude: -95.926899
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Birth of a daughter
Death of a daughter
Death of a father
6 May 1909 (aged 46 years)
Waller, Texas, United States of America
Latitude: 30.056608 Longitude: -95.926899
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Cause: Dropsy and senility
Birth of a son
14 September 1909 (aged 47 years)
Hempstead, Waller, Texas, United States of America
Latitude: 30.097441 Longitude: -96.078292
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
INDI:EVEN:ADDR:NOTE: @N1704@
Birth of a daughter
Death of a sister
Marriage of a daughter
Burial of a father
Address line 2: Fields Store Cemetery (formerly New Hope Cemetery)
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Burial of a mother
Address line 2: Clark-Giboney Cemetery
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Death
Type: Death of Wallingford, Robert Thomas
27 November 1917 (aged 55 years)
Howth, Waller, Texas, United States of America
Latitude: 30.168826 Longitude: -96.065236
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
INDI:DEAT:ADDR:NOTE: @N3836@
Burial
Type: Burial of Wallingford, Robert Thomas
28 November 1917 (1 day after death)
Address line 2: Fields Store Cemetery (formerly New Hope Cemetery)
State: Texas
Country: United States of America
Family with parents
father
18281909
Birth: 27 March 1828 68 39 Mason, Kentucky, United States of America
Death: 6 May 1909Waller, Texas, United States of America
mother
MARRIAGE OF WALLINGFORD, THOMAS GINN AND DEBELL, EVELINE MARRIAGE OF WALLINGFORD, THOMAS GINN AND DEBELL, EVELINE18 October 1849Mason, Kentucky, United States of America
1 year
elder sister
18501851
Birth: 17 October 1850 22 21 Kentucky, United States of America
Death: 26 September 1851Mason, Kentucky, United States of America
21 months
elder brother
18521858
Birth: 14 July 1852 24 22 Kentucky, United States of America
Death: 1 August 1858Texas, United States of America
20 months
elder sister
18541861
Birth: 24 February 1854 25 24 Kentucky, United States of America
Death: 20 September 1861Texas, United States of America
2 years
elder sister
18561884
Birth: 13 April 1856 28 26 Texas, United States of America
Death: before August 1884Texas, United States of America
2 years
elder brother
18581867
Birth: 25 March 1858 29 28 Texas, United States of America
Death: 5 November 1867Texas, United States of America
3 years
elder sister
18601946
Birth: 30 September 1860 32 31 Courtney, Martin, Texas, United States of America
Death: 8 April 1946Waller, Texas, United States of America
23 months
himself
18621917
Birth: 2 September 1862 34 32 Retreat, Grimes, Texas, United States of America
Death: 27 November 1917Howth, Waller, Texas, United States of America
5 years
younger sister
18671912
Birth: 15 February 1867 38 37 Waller, Texas, United States of America
Death: 27 June 1912
3 years
younger sister
18691873
Birth: 12 October 1869 41 40
Death: 9 September 1873Texas, United States of America
Father’s family with Francis M. Holder
father
18281909
Birth: 27 March 1828 68 39 Mason, Kentucky, United States of America
Death: 6 May 1909Waller, Texas, United States of America
father’s ex-wife
1853
Birth: 1853 28 29 Alachua, Florida, United States of America
MARRIAGE OF WALLINGFORD, THOMAS GINN AND SUGGITT, FANNIE M. MARRIAGE OF WALLINGFORD, THOMAS GINN AND SUGGITT, FANNIE M.15 March 1879Waller, Texas, United States of America
Divorce Divorce14 June 1881Hempstead, Waller, Texas, United States of America
Father’s family with Annie Eliza Tucker
father
18281909
Birth: 27 March 1828 68 39 Mason, Kentucky, United States of America
Death: 6 May 1909Waller, Texas, United States of America
stepmother
18621940
Birth: 18 October 1862 23 27 Mason, Kentucky, United States of America
Death: 13 June 1940Waller, Texas, United States of America
MARRIAGE OF WALLINGFORD, THOMAS GINN AND TUCKER, ANNIE ELIZA MARRIAGE OF WALLINGFORD, THOMAS GINN AND TUCKER, ANNIE ELIZA1 September 1884Mason, Kentucky, United States of America
14 months
half-brother
18851960
Birth: 28 October 1885 57 23
Death: 12 April 1960Waller, Texas, United States of America
2 years
half-brother
18871922
Birth: 22 October 1887 59 25
Death: 18 January 1922Fields Store, Waller, Texas, United States of America
3 years
half-sister
18901974
Birth: 4 June 1890 62 27 Fields Store, Waller, Texas, United States of America
Death: 2 September 1974Harris, Texas, United States of America
Family with Virginia Butts Dewees
himself
18621917
Birth: 2 September 1862 34 32 Retreat, Grimes, Texas, United States of America
Death: 27 November 1917Howth, Waller, Texas, United States of America
wife
18721959
Birth: 4 October 1872 34 23 Philadelphia, Neshoba, Mississippi, United States of America
Death: 4 February 1959Hempstead, Waller, Texas, United States of America
MARRIAGE OF WALLINGFORD, ROBERT THOMAS AND DEWEES, VIRGINIA BUTTS MARRIAGE OF WALLINGFORD, ROBERT THOMAS AND DEWEES, VIRGINIA BUTTS29 August 1888Hempstead, Waller, Texas, United States of America
16 months
daughter
18891889
Birth: 1889 26 16
Death: 1889
21 months
son
18901976
Birth: 28 September 1890 28 17 Fields Store, Waller, Texas, United States of America
Death: 9 February 1976El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
2 years
son
18921981
Birth: 27 November 1892 30 20
Death: 22 April 1981Franklin, Liberty, Texas, United States of America
23 months
daughter
18941925
Birth: 6 October 1894 32 22 Waller, Texas, United States of America
Death: 19 April 1925Howth, Waller, Texas, United States of America
2 years
son
18961969
Birth: 12 November 1896 34 24 Joseph, Waller, Texas, United States of America
Death: 15 March 1969Fort Worth, Tarrant, Texas, United States of America
2 years
son
18991963
Birth: 6 April 1899 36 26
Death: 27 November 1963Waller, Texas, United States of America
2 years
daughter
19011901
Birth: 16 August 1901 38 28
Death: 28 August 1901
20 months
daughter
19031999
Birth: 3 April 1903 40 30
Death: 8 May 1999Jacksonville, Cherokee, Texas, United States of America
2 years
son
19051929
Birth: 14 June 1905 42 32 Waller, Texas, United States of America
Death: 24 December 1929California, United States of America
3 years
daughter
19081908
Birth: 14 February 1908 45 35
Death: 7 May 1908
19 months
son
19091938
Birth: 14 September 1909 47 36 Hempstead, Waller, Texas, United States of America
Death: about 1938Spain
3 years
daughter
19121967
Birth: 15 April 1912 49 39
Death: 12 December 1967Harris, Texas, United States of America
Birth
Shared note

from http://www.cemeteries-of-tx.com/Etx/Grimes/history/retreathis.htm

History of Retreat, Grimes Co. Cemeteries of TX

Submitted by Ray Villarreal

Retreat got its start as a village when a Houston to Springfield stagecoach line was run through this area and a stagecoach stop and place to change horses was established here. It was first called Groce’s Retreat, though the small second home Jared Groce had built as his “retreat” (from malaria at his home Bernardo, farther south and in the Brazos bottom) was two miles to the west. Groce’s Retreat Post Office was established by the Republic of Texas and D. T. Dunham was appointed as Postmaster on October 12, 1838. Groce had died in November of 1836 and the Daniel A. Dunham family from Tennessee had bought the Groce’s Retreat place from the Groce heirs.

When the mail was put off at the stagecoach stop, it was for Groce’s Retreat. As time went on, people just said the mail was for “Retreat” and that finally became the name of the stagecoach stop.

The first Postmaster Retreat had from the Federal government was Josiah W. Ogden, appointed in 1851. The post office was discontinued in 1867 and re-established in 1872 and lasted 35 more years until 1907.

Retreat had the most population following the Civil War and into the early 1900’s. At one time Retreat had a McCaskill store, another store, Joe Clark’s store, John A. Danford’s store, two saloons, a school for whites and a school for blacks, and Pleasant Hill Baptist Church (black) on Red Hill. This hill was also called Davis Hill and Binford Hill. There were three cotton gins at different times.

  1.   Residence and stagecoach stop.  Mail drop-off started 1838 during the Republic of Texas.
  2.   Cotton gin owned by a McAlpine, possibly Frank around 1880-1890.
  3.   Cotton gin built by Lem McGee around 1924-1929 when it burned.
  4.   Joe Clark’s General Merchandise Store and Post Office started in 1875.  Clark was Postmaster for 16 years, 1873-1889 and again 6 years, 1898-1904.
  5.   Cotton gin built by Frank McAlpine and later sold to Ben McGinty around 1890-1915.
  6.   Retreat School – White – 1880-1915.
  7.   Giboney – Clark Cemetery – White.
  8.   Scott-Lawrence Cemetery – White.
  9.   Pleasant Hill Baptist Church – Black – 1890 – Present.
  10. Retreat School – Black – Across old road from Pleasant Hill Baptist Church. Early 1900’s. In 1930’s, the building was torn down and school was consolidated with Templeman Hill School very near to old Mount Pleasant Church (No. 18 – Main Map).

  11. Lacey Hill Cemetery – Black – This hilltop is where Captain Tom Lacy, an ex-Mississippi riverboat captain built his home after the Civil War. Captain Lacy had a blacksmith shop south from Lyle’s home. This cemetery was started after Captain Lacy’s time. It was in back of his home site to the east. The land was given by Elliott McCaskill.

  12. Pratt Cemetery – Black.

  13. Harris Cemetery – White.

  14. Childre Cemetery – White.

  15. Lacy-Shelton Cemetery – White – Long abandoned, surrounded by trees and undergrowth. At least 8 markers and a lot of foot stones. This Thomas Lacy is the same as he who had his home on Lacey Hill.

Retreat Postmasters

In a book titled Texas Post Office Papers 1836, on page 62, there is a list of Post Offices and their Postmasters. Montgomery County Post Offices on the list that eventually was in Grimes County when Grimes was carved out of Montgomery in 1846 are:

Date Commissioned Post Office County Postmaster

1837, March 30 Fanthorp Montgomery H. Fanthorp

1838, October 12 Groce’s Retreat Montgomery D. T. Dunham

1838, November 3 Greer’s Navasota Thomas N. B. Greer

1840, January 20 Rusk Montgomery M. Manning

The following names are for U. S. Postmasters. We do not know how long the Groce’s Retreat Post Office lasted nor how much of a gap there was until Ogden was appointed in 1851.

Ogden, Josiah W. January 14, 1851

Weaver, Lewis G. April 8, 1854

Grimes, Jacob September 17, 1855

Van Alstyne, John A. October 27, 1855

Stresaw,Thomas G. October 1, 1860 (D) January 23, 1867

Fisher, R. H. August 2, 1872

Thompson, W. H. September 18, 1872

Clark, Joseph August 19, 1873

McGinty, Benjamin H. July 12, 1889

Clark, Joseph R. January 21, 1898

McCaskill, Fannie C. May 12, 1904

Navasota, M. December 31, 1907

MARRIAGE OF WALLINGFORD, ROBERT THOMAS AND DEWEES, VIRGINIA BUTTS
Death
Shared note

Texas State Historical Marker

This burial ground originally served the family of T.B. White. His wife Elizabeth (d. 1857) and her father Henry Kirby (d. 1854) are interred here. White sold ten adjoining acres to the Salem Association in 1853 as a site for construction of a masonic lodge hall and academy. The site became a public cemetery after that date. The earliest marked grave is that of Jane McCullen (1788-1851). Also buried here is Francis J. Cooke, a veteran of the Battle of San Jacinto. A cemetery association was established in 1949 to provide maintenance for the burial ground.

Shared note

Occupation as a farmer on his death certificate.

Shared note

Plot 243(3).

Shared note

LOST & FOUND, BUT STILL A MYSTERY: MY GRANDFATHER'S TOMBSTONE

It was two weeks before Christmas and my mind was a muddle of all the things that needed to be done before the 'big day'. The phone rang. It was Linda Wallingford, the wife of a distant cousin, but a friend as well. "I just received the strangest phone call" were Linda's first words to me. My mind went into overdrive, quickly shifting from muddled to mystified. After all, I rarely hear from Linda at this time of year, our contacts being mostly confined to the time leading up to our Wallingford reunions. Linda continued. Her phone call had come from a clerk in the Waller County Courthouse, Waller County being the birthplace of most of our present day Wallingfords.

According to Linda, the Clerk had received a phone call from a Gavin Smith at Ft. Hood in Killeen, Texas. Ft. Hood. Back to overdrive. Mr. Smith, I later learned, is the archeology curator at Ft. Hood. He had in his possession an old tombstone with the following inscription:

Robert Thomas Wallingford
September 2, 1862 - November 17, 1917
"Gone But Not Forgotten"

Now I understand the reason for Linda's phone call. She knew that this Wallingford - Robert Thomas - was my grandfather. But how did my grandfather's tombstone in Waller County, Texas make its way into the hands of an archeology curator at Ft. Hood in Killeen, Texas? I'm more confused than ever. Linda gave me Mr. Smith's phone number and after a few pleasantries we ended our conversation. Muddled minded or not, I wasted no time in contacting Mr. Smith. After stumbling through a brief explanation of the reason for my call, he told me that the tombstone was on loan from Crawford & Bowers, tombstone manufacturers in Killeen, Texas. He said that it was being used by a Sgt. Jones (at Ft. Hood) as part of a demonstration on drunk driving. Drunk driving? Lord, the mere mention of anything having to do with 'demon rum' would surely cause my grandparents to turn over in their graves. Still puzzled, I contacted Crawford & Bowers and it was then that I learned that the aforementioned Crawford & Bowers were not only tombstone manufacturers, but a funeral home as well.

I spoke with Mr. Dave Crawford, one of the owners of the funeral home. And yes, he did have the by now infamous tombstone and had had it for quite some time. After explaining to Mr. Crawford that I am the granddaughter of Robert Thomas Wallingford, I asked if there was any chance of getting it back. He very graciously, and to my relief, said "of course".

A few weeks later my husband and I met with Mr. Crawford at his funeral home. One of his employees brought the tombstone out with a forklift and lifted it into the back Of our pickup. The little stone looked brand new but Mr. Crawford said it was a mess when he got it. He and his men had spent hours cleaning it up, removing mildew and whatever else old tombstones are prone to attract. When I asked how much I owed him, he said "not a thing." An entire family is in gratitude to him. And, of course, I asked what anyone would have asked at this point: "How did you come to have the tombstone?"

He said he had gotten it from a family in Harker's Heights, a suburb of Killeen. Since he had had the tombstone for quite some time, details were sketchy, but he did remember the name General Hemenway. He did not know if Mr. Hemenway was actually a general, or if that was a nickname or even a first name. I was undeterred and with Mr. Crawford's permission, I looked through the Killeen phone book for Hemenways. There were several and I copied the phone numbers, as well as first names, Of all of them. None was listed as "General" Hemenway.

A few days later I started calling. After a few calls - voila! - I had the right one. But the General himself was out, so I spoke with his wife, which was just as well because it was obvious to me that her mind and memory were quite good. The following is her story as told to me.

Their son was working in construction in College Station. His supervisor asked him to paint a house for him. Some college students had been living there and had moved out. He wanted to clean it up and rent it again. He told young Hemenway that there was an old tombstone on the front porch and to please take it to the dump. The young man did not think it was quite right to just dump it, so he took it to his home in Killeen. Although Mrs. Hemenway's memory seemed quite good, she did not remember how long they had had it. She did say she tried for a long time to find out whom it belonged to but without success. Thus she was very glad to hear from me and to know that the little tombstone would be returned to its rightful resting place. And as to Mr. Hemenway's title, yes he was a general. He had served in World War II and advanced to the rank of Brigadier General. I was impressed.

After returning home with the infamous tombstone, we found that while the stone was small, it was very, very heavy. Without a forklift ourselves, we could not budge what was now "a little monster". My plans were to take it back to the Field's Store Cemetery from whence it came for a second burial. But after talking with Linda again (she and Bobby live very near the cemetery), I found that there is no caretaker for the cemetery. Linda herself keeps the books and someone comes in regularly to mow and clean up. She recommended going through a nearby funeral home, which I did. But since we were unable to make the trip to the funeral home right away, for the next two weeks or so, the 'little monster' happily resided in the back of our pickup, making numerous trips to town, to the golf course, grocery store, etc. One thing I did not worry about was that the tombstone might be stolen. That is, unless someone happened along with a forklift in tow.

But one cold, rainy day a few weeks later, we delivered the little stone to the funeral home in Hempstead with instructions to place it between the graves of my grandparents and at the foot of the graves. You see, when my grandmother died in 1959, her surviving children placed a double tombstone between and at the head of the two graves. Though I had some trepidations about placing a second tombstone on the graves, and at the foot especially, after consulting other family members, we all agreed we didn't have much choice.

So now we have the tombstone, but still have the mystery. First, when and by whom was the little tombstone removed from my grandfather's grave? At the time the double tombstone was put in place? Maybe, but unfortunately all of those who might have known are now deceased. Secondly, who took the tombstone away? Were they the ones who placed it on the front porch of an old house in College Station? If so, why? Halloween pranks, maybe? Or did the little tombstone reside elsewhere, maybe several places, before its arrival at the house in College Station?

We may never know the answer to the above questions, but in my mind one thing is certain: it has travelled and returned to its original resting place. I cannot help but believe that a couple of grandparents are looking down from their celestial homes with amused - or perhaps somewhat bemused - expressions on their faces.

  • D. V. Thurman
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Written by Dolores Thurman

ROBERT THOMAS WALLINGFORD

My grandfather was the 7th child of Thomas Ginn Wallingford and Eveline Debell. Robert Thomas Wallingford, known as Tom to family and friends, was born Sept. 2, 1862 at Retreat, Texas in Grimes County. Retreat no longer exists but it was very close to Courtney and near the Waller County line. Since I know of no other Roberts in the family prior to my grandfather, and he was born during the Civil War, my guess is that he was named for Robert E. Lee.

He was only 7 when his mother died and, according to my mother, was raised by his two older sisters, Martha Clark and Eliza Owens Wallingford. I don't know at what point Fannie was hired as housekeeper but we know Thomas Ginn married her then divorced her in 1881.

When his mother died, there were 2 younger sisters - Annie Debell and Eveline Debell. Little Eveline was only 3 months old and she died shortly before her 4th birthday. My mother said her father never spoke of little Eveline, nor did he speak of the other children who were older and had died, some of them before he was born. Until I began my research, she didn't even know about the deceased children.

Little is known about his childhood. We assume he went to school for several years as he could read and write quite well. When he was about 12 years old he became seriously ill with pneumonia. He was presumed dead and had been prepared for burial. Someone saw one of his fingers move and they realized he was not dead.

As a young man he became engaged to a young woman - exactly who we don't know - and had bought a ring for her. For some reason it didn't work out and the engagement was broken. Then on August 29, 1888 he married my grandmother and gave her the ring he had bought for the other woman. They say my grandmother would never wear the ring because it had been bought for someone else and she eventually gave it to her eldest son.

As was the custom in those days, they immediately set about having children. Their first, a girl, was born in 1889 but she was stillborn. I have never been able to find out if she was ever given a name or not. She was, however, full term. He and my grandmother went on to have 11 more children, 2 more dying in infancy. Of the 9 surviving children, 3 more died as young adults. Life was still not easy.

My mother, Addie Byrd, was the 8th child, born in 1903. As far back as she can remember her father was Sheriff of Waller County and he held this position until he died. She said that he always strapped on his guns before leaving the house, except when he was going to church.

He was assistant superintendent of the Sunday School department at the Baptist church in the Howth community. He had built the church himself. He was a good carpenter and built his family several houses. He was very neat and everything was well-kept. From time to time, he found it necessary to build a coffin for a friend or family member.

He was very friendly and loved to talk and visit people. If someone was sick he would offer to go and stay the night or give them a shave if need be, anything he could do to help. As a farmer he arose very early and in the wintertime he would build a fire in the fireplace first thing while singing "In the Good Ole Summertime". Then he would go down to the school house, about a mile away, and build a fire there so the kids would be warm when they came in. He was a very mild mannered man. He often rocked the babies to sleep at night in the cradle. He called it the "doodle bed".

The family lived at Howth and he had a cabin down on the Brazos River where he would stay several days at a time when he was farming. Of course, "batching" meant doing your own cooking. He would make biscuits and have them with syrup from his little syrup pitcher (show pitcher). He was a slight man, weighing only about 130 pounds but he was a hearty eater, probably because he worked so hard.

At some point, he returned to Retreat and tried to find his mother's grave. He was never able to find it and my mother said this grieved him very much.

One day in 1917 he lay down on the porch of his little cabin (probably to rest after dinner) and a norther blew in. He took a chill. He came back home to Howth on his horse. When he refused supper, my grandmother knew he was sick as he always ate. He took pneumonia, the third time he had had it, and died 11 days later on November 27, 1917, his son Marvin's 25th birthday. On that same day my grandmother received a telegram that another son, Thomas (who they called T), was missing in action in France. He did eventually come home however.

At the time of my grandfather's death, my grandmother had never given a dose of medicine to any of the children. He always did it. She had never written a check. He always did it. He was 55 years, 2 months and 25 days old when he died, not a very long lifespan. But I think he accomplished quite a lot in those 55 years.

Shared note

When Robert Thomas (called Tom) was about 9 years old, he had pneumonia, was very ill and died, or so they thought. In those days, they did not embalm; they cleaned up and dressed the deceased as best they could; placed them on a table or pine coffin until family members could get there. Before they could hold the service and bury him, someone saw him move. Apparently he slipped into a little coma or something; anyway, he did not die until many years later and death was due to pneumonia at that time too.

Tom was a farmer and served several terms as Sheriff of Waller County, TX. He was also Sunday School Superintendent at the Baptist Church where the family attended. He and my grandmother, "Jenny" or Aunt Jenny, are both buried in Field's Store Cemetery, Waller Co., Texas.

[I believe this story to have been told by Delores Vanderstay Thurman, the granddaughter of Robert Thomas Wallingford, at one of the Wallingford Reunions at Fields Store. Notes made by Joan Wallingford Mickler.]